Calmonia

Calmonia is a Devonian calmoniid trilobite associated with the Malvinokaffric Province, a cold-water Gondwanan marine faunal region. It belongs to an extinct trilobite group rather than a living animal lineage. [Scientific Reports](https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6185901/)

South American records include Brazil, especially Devonian rocks around the Paraná Basin and Ponta Grossa region, and Bolivian formations. These finds form part of a wider Malvinokaffric record that also includes Argentina, Peru, the Falkland Islands, and South Africa. [ScienceDirect](https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0895981115300754)

The Malvinokaffric Province covered parts of southern Gondwana and is known for distinctive Devonian marine communities, including calmoniid trilobites. Calmonia fossils therefore help paleontologists study cold-water shelf ecosystems and regional endemism. [ScienceDirect](https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0895981115300754)

Associate Calmonia with the Devonian Period, roughly 419 to 359 million years ago, rather than with the later Carboniferous or Permian. The exact age depends on the formation, because some South American records are placed in Early or Middle Devonian units. [Scientific Reports](https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6185901/)